Polaris Smart Grid Online News: The reform of the transmission and distribution system, including the reorganization of grid companies and grid prices, fees, costs, and accounting, is an important part of the power system reform. Its essence is to build a grid that can support power competition. system. The goal of the power transmission and distribution system reform is to realize the separation of transmission, distribution, and sales, and to form a four-separation power system for transmission, distribution, and distribution. This is the common experience of power market reform throughout the world.
The separation of transmission and distribution is not an end in itself, and the inability to introduce competition to separate transmission from distribution does not make sense, but only increases social costs. Given the current overall environment for power reform, this reform can take a step-by-step approach.
There are three alternative modes for transmission and distribution system reforms
The first model is independent of power sales. It first separates the marketing functions within the power grid, and does not implement separation of transmission and distribution, forming an integrated system for transmission and distribution and independent sales. The advantage of this model is that it maintains the integrity of the grid management, easy to form a consensus, easy to operate, the disadvantage is that the transmission and distribution business is managed by the same grid company, while the grid management of the grid companies is too large, the natural grid companies pay more attention to transmission With the construction of the network, investment in transmission and distribution is difficult to balance, which often results in weak distribution network construction and insufficient investment. Therefore, if this model is implemented, grid companies should also be required to implement independent accounting for transmission and distribution within the power grid. When conditions are ripe, separation of transmission and distribution will be implemented. After the implementation of independent sales of electricity, there are three ways to set up a power sales company. One is to set up a power sales company by a power generation company; the other is that a social organization establishes a power wholesale company. It needs to purchase bulk power from a power generation company and then sell it to users. Of course, large users also Power purchases can be made directly from power generation companies. Third, there is a need to establish a power sales company that provides protection for residents and small and medium-sized users (hereinafter referred to as “small usersâ€). Such power sales companies often have a public benefit nature. The best way is to At present, the marketing of power grid companies is partially established and is a regional public-goods sales company. The implementation of the independent electricity sales policy requires that an independent power sales company be allowed to be set up, and a power sales company that is responsible for the universal service of electricity be established by region. Second, the above-mentioned users above the designated size should be allowed to deal directly with the power generation companies. Third, the government must provide support. Launched transmission and distribution tariffs in various regions.
The second model is the placement of one. The power distribution business is temporarily operated by a single company, forming a so-called independent power distribution company. The power transmission business is managed separately after independence. Transmission assets are relatively clear and easy to separate. They involve relatively few personnel and are relatively easy to implement. In some countries, this model was adopted in the early days of power reform. The disadvantage is that the distribution company will naturally monopolize in a certain area, and the operating costs and even operational errors of the power distribution company will eventually be passed on to local users. It is easy to turn a monopoly of the original power grid company into many small regional monopolies. Therefore, if this model is implemented, it is necessary to open direct transactions between large-scale users and power generation companies at the same time so that users above the designated size can purchase power from the power generation companies on a voluntary basis. The rest of the users (mainly small users) are from regions. The electricity distribution company has unified power supply, and its price is subject to the state regulations. The electricity distribution company under this model has three functions. First, the business function of buying and selling electric power. The electricity distribution company can purchase power from the power generation company as large users and sell it to the user at the required price; the second is the distribution network management function. , From the large users of the distribution network, they have been required to collect over-net fees; the third is the universal service function, which is responsible for providing universal services to small users and public users.
As the price of electricity purchased from the power distribution company to the power generation company is negotiated by the two parties, and the price of power sold is controlled, the profit and loss portion of the price should be monitored and regularly balanced by the local government.
There is also a simpler model where large users are open. It is not to change the current grid system, but to speed up the opening of direct transactions between large users and power generation companies, first of all to establish market mechanisms for users above the scale and power generation companies. This method has been adopted by many countries and is simple, reliable, and effective. The specific approach is to provide users with a certain voltage level or above a certain power consumption level to directly purchase power from the power generation companies and pay the power grid companies a net fee. We will call this temporarily the large consumer direct power purchase mode.
Large-scale direct purchases of electricity by consumers have not been systematically progressed for many years. One of the main reasons is to incorporate this market-oriented exploration into the framework of administrative approval. Whoever participates in the approval process must approve the approval of the approval, and how much electricity must be traded. At the same time, the activities of the market are subject to examination and approval, and the independent trading rights of enterprises have become the government's franchise and gift. Therefore, for institutionalized progress in the direct purchase of electricity, it is necessary to define the boundaries between the market and the government. The government only controls transmission and distribution prices, access conditions, market rules, and system security. In addition, direct purchase of electricity by large users must be implemented as a whole in the province.
The goal of reform should be to build a competitive electricity market
The above three models are all designed to promote reform under the premise of sound security, not the target mode of reform. Once the market mechanism begins to operate, this incomplete, imperfect, half-baked system will reveal its internality. Defects will conflict with market mechanisms. The reform of electricity marketization can be started by different paths, but its goals and basic principles must follow the general laws of electricity market reforms. This rule is to realize the separation of power generation and distribution, the restoration of electric energy, and general market attributes. Configuration plays a fundamental role.
The reform of the transmission and distribution system, the separation of government and enterprises, and the reform of the electricity pricing system are all aimed at building a competitive electricity market. There are generally two approaches to the construction of the world electricity market. One is to start bidding for electricity from the power generation side, and the other is to cultivate multiple electricity purchasing entities on the side of power sale. However, there is one thing in common that they must allow prices to fluctuate with supply and demand. . The separation and reform of factory and network previously implemented in China only provided the conditions for launching bids for the Internet.
Simple bidding is not suitable for national conditions. Because competition is introduced into the Internet, buyers still have only one power grid. When the power is plentiful, the power generation companies need to compete for prices to obtain online power until they lose money. When the power is tight, the power grid must purchase electricity at a high price (because the power grid is the only power supply for users. Businesses), and supply power to users at regulated prices, so high buy low sell until the power grid losses; this is exactly the root cause of the California power crisis. Of course, the government also regulates the loss of bidding for the Internet and the fluctuation of prices. In some countries, the ceiling price system was designed in the early stage of the electricity market, but it is not a long-term solution and it can only be used for a short period of time. This mode of bidding on the Internet can only be operated in a relatively balanced environment between supply and demand. As China is undergoing rapid development and there is a major reversal of power surplus and shortage, the bidding for the Internet will inevitably lead to big losses, causing the government and society to bear the pain.
Some power-bid internet-based markets have also designed a CFD system in the early stages in order to reduce the risk of profit and loss in full-power competition. Generally, the amount of electricity that is settled at the price formed by the actual competition does not exceed 15%, and the other 85% is settled at the price agreed upon by the factory beforehand. However, if you gradually increase the power of competitive settlement, the market risk increases; if it is always maintained within 15%, the role of market-based allocation of resources is far from enough. Therefore, after launching bids for access to the Internet, it is necessary to open up multilateral transactions as soon as possible to form a market pattern of buying more and selling more. At present, the foreign power market bids about 5% of the electricity, and the rest of the electricity is basically traded in the form of long-term bilateral contracts. Therefore, China’s electricity market can only be robust if it is multilateral, diversified, and flexible.
Only the implementation of separate plant and network reforms is a matter of reform, effective competition cannot be formed, and the results of reforms are not fully reflected. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the reform of the transmission and distribution system. Regardless of which of the above three models is adopted, the transmission and distribution reforms are tantamount to constructing multiple entities on the side of power sales, and forming a market pattern of buying and selling more than power plants, making full use of the results of the separate plant and network.
The power market reform has a strong systemic nature. Whether it is price, system reform, or management reform, it must focus on the core objective of market construction. Reforms can be implemented step by step, but they should be kept in an orderly and continuous manner. The specific time course of the transmission and distribution system policies should be designed. If the reforms stop and go, it will be difficult to achieve the set goals. Even some problems will become more serious than before the reforms. This is also the experience and lessons of power reform in recent years.
Another point is that the power reform has a strong regularity, and this issue is essentially the difference between surname and family names. The model of power reform in all countries in the world is almost without exception, systematically transforming the power system, the electricity pricing system, and the government's power management system. Without the reform of the basic system such as the system and electricity price, it is difficult for the power marketization reform to make substantial progress. If the market is repeatedly stressed and controlled, it is difficult to really promote the formation of the market.
The time course of the reform should be clear and accountable. It is not appropriate to touch the stones and cross the river to watch. The Central Government has clearly established a relatively complete market economy system by 2020, and the power system should generally be matched with it. In 2020, an electricity market system centered on the region should be established, and the provincial and regional markets should coordinate with each other to achieve basic separation of distribution and distribution of electricity and natural gas, achieve direct trading between power users above scale and power generation enterprises, and establish clear and complete power. The regulatory system and regulatory system make the market play a fundamental role in the allocation of electric energy resources. According to this goal, it is necessary to formulate the eight-year power reform process from now to 2020. This time is already very urgent for establishing a relatively healthy and complete electricity market.
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