â– Discover the history
China tinned tin with cassiterite 3,000 years ago (12th century BC). The "Zhou Ji Kao Ji Ji" in the Warring States period details the copper-tin ratio in various uses of bronze. The "Heavenly Creations Hardware" of the Ming Dynasty details tin metallurgy technology. The ancient tin fields in Europe were mainly cornwall, bohemia, and saxony. G. Agricola described the blast furnace for tin refining in the 16th century in "On Metallurgy," and Konzer used tin in a reverberatory furnace in the early 18th century.
â– The nature of tin
Tin is one of the earliest discovered and used metals of humans. It is silvery white at room temperature, and there are three isotrope bodies with temperature. In the range of 13.2°C or less, α-tin (tiny tin), β-tin (white tin) at 13.2-161°C, and γ-tin (brittle-tin) at 161°C or above. Beta tin (white tin) is a tetragonal system. Alpha tin (gray tin) is a diamond type equiaxed crystal system. When β-tin is converted into α-tin, it is powdery. This phenomenon is called "tin plague." In 1911-1912, the British explorer Scott (RFScott, 1868-1912) went on an expedition to the South Pole. He and his four assistants arrived at the Antarctic center on January 7, 1912. Upon returning to the supply point, it was found that the tanks tin-welded at the point of supply had caused tin to burst in cold weather, resulting in the loss of fuel oil and contaminating the food with oil, leading to the tragedy of the hunger and cold death of Scott and others. At room temperature, a dense oxide film is formed on the surface of the tin to prevent further oxidation of the tin. At the red heat temperature, tin rapidly oxidizes and volatilizes.
â– Tin resources
In nature, tin is mainly present in the form of natural elements, intermetallic compounds, oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, sulfur salts, silicates, borates, and the like. At present, more than fifty kinds of tin minerals and tin-containing minerals have been discovered, among which the main minerals with industrial significance are: cassiterite, yellow tin, cylindrical tin, sulfur tin lead, and lanthanum tin lead. The countries with rich tin resources in the world include Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, and the former Soviet Union. Their reserves are 1.11 million tons, 680,000 tons, 650,000 tons, and 300,000 tons respectively, and their total reserves are 100 million tons. Their output is more than 25 Ten thousand tons. China's tin reserves are abundant, with an annual output of more than 50,000 tons. One-third of metal tin and one-half of tin concentrate are exported.
â– Preparation of tin
The quality of the tin ore is very low, such as 0.2% tin contained in the vein ore and 0.04% tin in the placer. The ore produced through the beneficiation yields 40%-70% tin concentrate. Since the 1970s, in addition to the concentrate, China has also selected some 1%-5% tin ore from China. This kind of medium ore is difficult to be further enriched by the general beneficiation method, and it is treated with a fuming furnace to obtain 50% tin-containing fumes, thereby increasing the total recovery rate of beneficiation. Tin concentrates selected from placers contain less impurities and can be smelted directly; tin concentrates selected from vein minerals contain a lot of impurities, and some factories conduct pre-refining and then smelting. The smelting process is usually divided into three stages: pre-refining, reduction smelting and crude tin refining.
â– Use of tin
Pure tin and weak organic acids have a slow effect, and are therefore often used to make tinplates (tapes), commonly known as tinplates, used as food packaging materials. Pure tin can also be used as a coating for certain mechanical parts. Tin is easily processed into tubes, foils, wires, strips, etc. It can also be made into fine powder for powder metallurgy. Tin can be made of alloys with almost all metals. Solder tin, tin bronze, babbitt alloys, lead-tin bearing alloys, and lead alloys are used more often. There are also many tin-containing special alloys, such as zirconium-based alloys, used as nuclear fuel cladding materials in the atomic energy industry; titanium-based alloys for aviation, shipbuilding, atomic energy, chemical, medical devices, etc.; antimony tin intermetallic compounds, can be used as Superconducting material; tin silver amalgam, used as a dental metal material. The important compounds of tin are tin dioxide, tin dichloride, tin tetrachloride and tin organic compounds, which are used as ceramic enamel raw materials, mordants for printing and dyeing silk fabrics, heat stabilizers for plastics, and also as fungicides. And pesticides.
China tinned tin with cassiterite 3,000 years ago (12th century BC). The "Zhou Ji Kao Ji Ji" in the Warring States period details the copper-tin ratio in various uses of bronze. The "Heavenly Creations Hardware" of the Ming Dynasty details tin metallurgy technology. The ancient tin fields in Europe were mainly cornwall, bohemia, and saxony. G. Agricola described the blast furnace for tin refining in the 16th century in "On Metallurgy," and Konzer used tin in a reverberatory furnace in the early 18th century.
â– The nature of tin
Tin is one of the earliest discovered and used metals of humans. It is silvery white at room temperature, and there are three isotrope bodies with temperature. In the range of 13.2°C or less, α-tin (tiny tin), β-tin (white tin) at 13.2-161°C, and γ-tin (brittle-tin) at 161°C or above. Beta tin (white tin) is a tetragonal system. Alpha tin (gray tin) is a diamond type equiaxed crystal system. When β-tin is converted into α-tin, it is powdery. This phenomenon is called "tin plague." In 1911-1912, the British explorer Scott (RFScott, 1868-1912) went on an expedition to the South Pole. He and his four assistants arrived at the Antarctic center on January 7, 1912. Upon returning to the supply point, it was found that the tanks tin-welded at the point of supply had caused tin to burst in cold weather, resulting in the loss of fuel oil and contaminating the food with oil, leading to the tragedy of the hunger and cold death of Scott and others. At room temperature, a dense oxide film is formed on the surface of the tin to prevent further oxidation of the tin. At the red heat temperature, tin rapidly oxidizes and volatilizes.
â– Tin resources
In nature, tin is mainly present in the form of natural elements, intermetallic compounds, oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, sulfur salts, silicates, borates, and the like. At present, more than fifty kinds of tin minerals and tin-containing minerals have been discovered, among which the main minerals with industrial significance are: cassiterite, yellow tin, cylindrical tin, sulfur tin lead, and lanthanum tin lead. The countries with rich tin resources in the world include Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, and the former Soviet Union. Their reserves are 1.11 million tons, 680,000 tons, 650,000 tons, and 300,000 tons respectively, and their total reserves are 100 million tons. Their output is more than 25 Ten thousand tons. China's tin reserves are abundant, with an annual output of more than 50,000 tons. One-third of metal tin and one-half of tin concentrate are exported.
â– Preparation of tin
The quality of the tin ore is very low, such as 0.2% tin contained in the vein ore and 0.04% tin in the placer. The ore produced through the beneficiation yields 40%-70% tin concentrate. Since the 1970s, in addition to the concentrate, China has also selected some 1%-5% tin ore from China. This kind of medium ore is difficult to be further enriched by the general beneficiation method, and it is treated with a fuming furnace to obtain 50% tin-containing fumes, thereby increasing the total recovery rate of beneficiation. Tin concentrates selected from placers contain less impurities and can be smelted directly; tin concentrates selected from vein minerals contain a lot of impurities, and some factories conduct pre-refining and then smelting. The smelting process is usually divided into three stages: pre-refining, reduction smelting and crude tin refining.
â– Use of tin
Pure tin and weak organic acids have a slow effect, and are therefore often used to make tinplates (tapes), commonly known as tinplates, used as food packaging materials. Pure tin can also be used as a coating for certain mechanical parts. Tin is easily processed into tubes, foils, wires, strips, etc. It can also be made into fine powder for powder metallurgy. Tin can be made of alloys with almost all metals. Solder tin, tin bronze, babbitt alloys, lead-tin bearing alloys, and lead alloys are used more often. There are also many tin-containing special alloys, such as zirconium-based alloys, used as nuclear fuel cladding materials in the atomic energy industry; titanium-based alloys for aviation, shipbuilding, atomic energy, chemical, medical devices, etc.; antimony tin intermetallic compounds, can be used as Superconducting material; tin silver amalgam, used as a dental metal material. The important compounds of tin are tin dioxide, tin dichloride, tin tetrachloride and tin organic compounds, which are used as ceramic enamel raw materials, mordants for printing and dyeing silk fabrics, heat stabilizers for plastics, and also as fungicides. And pesticides.
Magnetic stirrer is a laboratory instrument used to mix liquids or solutions by stirring them continuously using a rotating magnetic field. It consists of a small magnetic bar or stir bar that is placed inside the liquid to be stirred and a magnetic field generator, usually a small motor, that rotates the magnetic bar at a controlled speed. The magnetic bar is usually coated with a non-reactive material such as PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) to prevent it from reacting with the liquid or solution being stirred. Magnetic stirrers are widely used in chemistry, biology, and other scientific fields for various applications such as mixing reagents, dissolving solids, and preparing samples for analysis. They are preferred over conventional mechanical stirrers as they are more efficient, do not cause contamination, and are easier to clean.
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