Abstract The United States, Germany, and Japan are recognized as machine tools, manufacturing, and industrial powers in the world. The machine tool industry is the cornerstone of the manufacturing and industrialized powers. This is clearly evident from the development path of the United States. For example, the industrialized country is like a majestic building, manufacturing is...
The United States, Germany, and Japan are recognized as machine tools, manufacturing, and industrial powers in the world. The machine tool industry is the cornerstone of the manufacturing and industrialized powers. This is clearly evident from the development path of the United States. For example, the industrialized country is like a majestic building, the manufacturing industry is the building of the building, and the machine tool industry is a solid foundation, often hidden. The United States, Germany and Japan have rich experience, and this experience is extremely deep, paying special attention to the machine tool industry. However, agricultural countries and developing countries lack a rational understanding of this, and the importance, strategic, and key experience of the machine tool industry is not deep. The development of the US machine tool industry
The world's first machine tool (boring machine) was developed by British technicians in 1769 with the aim of developing power and manufacturing. In 1765, Watt invented the steam engine, and later developed the lathe (1797) and the planer (1814-1825). In 1819, Britain produced the first steam-powered ship to cross the Atlantic. Construction of the world's first railway began in 1829. The industrial revolution in the UK has advanced rapidly, and capitalist strength and industrialization have accelerated. At that time, the machine tool technology in the UK was the most advanced in the world, and the machine tool industry was the strongest. At the London Exhibition in 1851, the UK had the most technical talents, the most advanced machine tools and the largest number of machines, and exported to the United States, Germany and France. At that time, the British manufacturing and industry dominated the world, and its metallurgical industry accounted for 75% of the world total.
The development of American machine tools is half a century later than Britain. In the second half of the 18th century, the United States was still an agricultural country, and all the machines and various machine tools needed for the development of the textile industry were purchased from the United Kingdom.
But the United States came to the fore. Since the second half of the 19th century, machine tool technology has replaced the status of Britain step by step. The key is that the United States attaches importance to research and innovation and has taken three major steps in developing new technologies.
In the first step, in response to the large-scale production needs of military mason guns, the research on tolerance and parts interchangeability technology, the development of tolerance standards, and the creation of a world-class mass production, created a number of special machine tools with different styles. In this process, in 1898, Taylor, who was a worker, developed a high-speed steel cutter of tungsten-chromium alloy. The cutting speed was increased to 50 m/min, and the productivity of the US factory was generally increased by 60%.
The second step, the United States Ford invented the car (1896). In order to meet the development needs of the automotive industry and to study mass production automation technology, the United States first created a variety of high-efficiency automated machine tools for electromechanical hydraulic control in the world. In 1932, a combination machine tool was developed. In 1934, the world's first automatic line of combined machine tools was created. The development of the automotive industry requires a large number of matching parts, bearings, motors, etc., thus promoting the development of the manufacturing industry. In 1948, the United States established the world's first (set) automatic line with an annual output of 30 million sets of bearings. By 1978, the United States had 6,084 automatic production lines, and high-volume, high-efficiency automated production was rapidly developed, and its manufacturing and industrialization capabilities were greatly enhanced.
The third step, after the mass production automation of automobiles, bearings, motors, etc., and the efficient development of high-efficiency automatic machine tools and automatic lines, in order to meet the needs of aircraft manufacturing complex parts and special materials processing, after several years of in-depth principle and application technology test The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) created the world's first digital control (NC) machine with its control principle. In 1958, a machining center (MC) with automatic tool change and multi-process composite machining was developed. With the rapid development of microelectronics and computer technology, NC machine tools have been copied, promoted and applied around the world.
During the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1938-1945), some big countries in Europe and Asia were involved in the war, while the United States was far away in North America, providing a large supply to the participating countries. The ordnance weapons required for the war have brought opportunities for the development of the US machine tool industry.
Major experience in the development of the US machine tool industry
In 1783, the United States officially separated from the British rule and independently established the country. In 228 years in 2011, it became the world's first machine tool industry, manufacturing industry, industrialization power. American industry, advanced technology, complete categories, quality efficiency, high degree of automation, labor productivity (the United States 314.7 million people, 2010 per capita GDP of 45,307 US dollars) ranks first in the world. The major industrial products in the United States, such as oil, electricity, automobiles, and aircraft, produce the most, and the microelectronics industry, computer lasers, aerospace technology, bioengineering technology, nuclear energy utilization, new materials, and the development and development of new technologies are all in the world. Leading.
Today, I will discuss the main experience of establishing the world's first machine tool industry, manufacturing industry and industrialized power. Of course, it is not comprehensive and in-depth. I only hope to provide it to everyone, especially for the machine tool industry.
Emphasis on talent, knowledge, innovation
The history of world development fully shows that in any country, talents, knowledge, and innovators are strong, and vice versa.
American education is one of the most successful education in the world. Each state implements a free compulsory education system of 9-10 years or 11-12 years, and always recruits elites from the world. From 1901 to 2001, 195 people won the Nobel Prize in Natural Science, accounting for one-third of the world. Educating people, selecting people, and employing people, there are a whole set of scientific methods and advanced systems, and it is not right for people, regardless of personal grievances. Since the independence of the United States, from the president to the corporate leadership, to the grassroots, the only talent is the ability to fully play the talents of all kinds.
Today is the era of knowledge economy, and knowledge determines everything. In the United States, one-half of the primary and secondary school teachers are graduates of master's degree, and the teachers of higher education institutions are all doctors.
American products and technological innovations have long been the world leader. The aforementioned special machine tools, high-efficiency automatic machine tools, automatic lines, numerical control (NC) machine tools, in innovation, a century-old lead, leading the world of machine tool technology development. The United States is a world leader in aerospace, space technology, polymer chemistry, bioengineering, new materials, new energy development and application, superconductivity, and nuclear energy.
Pay attention to quality, reliability, improve precision and efficiency, and automate
The United States develops a variety of high-efficiency automated machine tools for turning, milling, and gear processing for the automotive industry. It is used for mass production, relying on high quality and high reliability to enable continuous high-quality and efficient production in two shifts. In 1948, 30 million sets of automatic bearing processing lines were established. During the period from 1934-1978, 6,084 automatic production lines were developed. The normal operation, high-efficiency and high-quality production are proof of quality and reliability. In the United States, the production of automobiles was 400,000 in 1913. In 1934, the first automatic line of combined machine tools appeared. In 1940, the output of automobiles increased to 4.472 million, and in 1973, it reached 12.681 million.
Quality is the foundation of the product brand. Efficient automated machine tools, automatic line development, rapid increase in vehicle production, the strength of the US machine tool industry, and the automotive industry rank first in the world, are specific proof of quality. Through the development of high-efficiency automation in mass production in the United States, the sensibility and rational understanding of quality and reliability have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people and are now second to none in the world.
The United States places special emphasis on the precision, efficiency, and automation of machine tools and various products. Its ultra-precision machine tools rank first in the world. American Moore's high-precision coordinate grinding machines are known worldwide for their accuracy and reliability. The level of production automation and labor productivity of the US machine tool plant, automobile plant, bearing plant, and motor plant are the highest in the world.
Attach great importance to scientific research, pay close attention to basic theory, cutting-edge technology, strategic and directional research
The United States has a world-class scientific and technological team, and the number of scientists and engineers engaged in scientific research exceeds the sum of Germany, France and Japan.
We attach great importance to scientific research and development work, focusing on basic research, cutting-edge technology, strategic and directional major scientific research topics. In basic scientific research, the United States is far ahead in the world. In 1946, the United States developed the world's first electronic digital computer. In 1969, the US military networked four computers and created the Internet. Today, computer and network information technology in the United States ranks first in the world.
The national scientific research system in the United States is powerful and consists of four parts:
(1) Research institutions of the government and the defense sector.
(2) Scientific research institutions in the industrial sector.
(3) University research institutions.
(4) Non-profit scientific research institutions.
The research funding is provided by the government by about 30%, and the rest is invested by enterprises and universities. About 40% of the world's scientific research work is carried out in the United States, surpassing the sum of Germany, Britain, France and Japan.
Familiar with users, aiming at the market, seeking truth from facts, paying attention to practical results, free competition, survival of the fittest, rational use of resources
The development of the machine tool industry, manufacturing industry and industry in the United States is in harmony with each other, and the quality of personnel is high, the talents are sufficient, the thinking is clear, the actions are decisive, the leaders are strong, the organization is strict, the management science is clear, the tasks are clear, the truth is truth, and the results are practical. Machine tool companies are well aware of user production and market demand. In the early and middle of the 20th century, machine tool enterprises were proficient in the development of production processes for users in various industries such as automobiles, bearings, motors, and airplanes. Based on the user's product technology, various technological transformation plans were proposed for their selection. Free competition between enterprises, the survival of the fittest. Establish a brand through product quality and reliability. The country's workers and peasants have a reasonable use of resources. The United States is rich in manpower, material resources, and financial resources. It can rely on scientific knowledge and never waste. All of this is very prominent. This is an important reason why the US machine tool industry, manufacturing industry, and industrialization have developed rapidly and become the world's first power.
In general, the experience of the United States to establish the world's first machine tool industry power is worth learning. The most important thing is that the United States has seized the three major elements of human development - people, tools and resources. People, creating tools; people, making rational use of resources, people are fundamental. After the founding of the United States in 1783, the United States led the correct leadership, established various scientific systems, carefully organized, and rationally managed, giving full play to the three major elements of people, tools, and resources. Therefore, it can stand out in a very short period of time and establish the world's first machine tool industry, manufacturing industry, industrialization power.
Actuator make a valve enter into a new era of application, Valve Actuator, Evolved Torque Works For Flow Control Automation! Supply Series of Actuators such as Electric Actuator, Linear Valve Actuator, Rotary Valve Actuator,Motorized Valve Actuator, etc. are for Flow Control Automation
Electric Actuator, Linear Valve Actuator, Rotary Valve Actuator,Motorized Valve Actuator, Flow Control Automation
Zhejiang Philic Fluid Control Co.,LTD , https://www.philicflow.com